![]() Carbon fibre/epoxy laminates with five different toughening routes (i.e. one with ∼6 mm (50 wt%) and ∼12 mm (50 wt%) short carbon fibres and another with ∼6 mm short polyphenylene sulfide (PPS) fibres) with 10 g/m² areal weights are used to introduce hybrid toughening at the interlaminar region. Two non-woven veils with contrasting fibre properties (i.e. Core-shell rubber particles, varying in size from 100 nm to 3 μm, with 0–10 wt% content, are dispersed within the epoxy resin. This paper investigates the effect of non-hybrid and hybrid toughening, via core-shell rubber (CSR) nanoparticles and non-woven micro-fibre veils, on the delamination resistance and crack migration in carbon fibre/epoxy laminates under mode-I and mode-II conditions-with an emphasis on the effect of veil fibre properties on toughening mechanisms and fracture energies. Also, MCC Si composites displayed better dynamic-mechanical behavior, attributed to the enhanced chemical interaction, with a small effect on glass transition temperature. The addition of MCC, regardless of the functionalization, decreased tensile strength and elastic modulus, but improved impact strength and toughness properties (K IC). NBR with MCC Si was found to slightly increase the thermal stability of epoxy. X-ray microtomography showed a good dispersion of MCC Si fillers in epoxy/NBR compared to the non-treated MCC filler. The aim of this work is to investigate the effect of hybridizing MCC and amino-functionalized MCC (MCC Si) with NBR on the thermal, mechanical, and dynamic-mechanical behavior of epoxy. Some hybridization strategies combining liquid rubbers and rigid fillers can be found in the literature, but the pair cellulose-based reinforcement, such as microcrystalline cellulose (MCC), and liquid acrylonitrile butadiene rubber (NBR) is hardly studied. Toughening epoxy resins by adding different agents has been employed as a way to reduce brittleness in composites. In the near future, carbohydrate-based scaffolds may be applied to design and fabricate sophisticated scaffolds that can determine and regulate the fate of the stem cells. ![]() This chapter summarized scaffold preparation methods and described the current status of oligosaccharides- and polysaccharides-based scaffolds for application in tissue engineering. In this regards, carbohydrate-based scaffolds (oligosaccharides and polysaccharides) have been frequently implemented for stem-cell culture and tissue engineering.Īn ideal scaffold should be capable of providing favorable environment for directing stem cell for tissue engineering and cell therapy purposes.Ĭarbohydrates as an important component of ECM showed great potential to fabricate versatile scaffolds that simulate the natural environment of stem cells. Carbohydrates are abundantly found in the extracellular matrix (ECM). Major toughening mechanism, responsible for 80–90% of the increase in fracture energy, was the plastic void growth.Ĭarbohydrates demonstrated crucial roles in various biological pathways including cellular interactions with other cells and their matrices. approach (J Mater Sci 45:1193–1210).Įxcellent agreement between the experimental and the predicted fracture energies was found. Mechanisms of shear band yielding and plastic void growth were modelled using the Hsieh et al. Of the CSR particles from the shells was observed, accompanied by plastic void growth of the epoxy and shell. The toughening mechanisms were identified using scanning electron microscopy of the fracture surfaces. The CTBN particles provided a larger tougheningĮffect when compared to CSR particles, but reduced the glass transition temperature of the epoxy. Similar amount of carboxyl-terminated butadiene-acrylonitrile (CTBN) rubber. ![]() The measured fracture energies were compared to those using a The fracture energy increased from 77 J/m2 for the unmodified epoxy to 840 J/m2 for the epoxy with 15 wt% of 100-nm diameter CSR particles. The Young’s modulus and tensile strength were reduced, and the glass transition temperature of the epoxy was unchanged by Microscopy showed that the CSR particles were well dispersed through the epoxy matrix. Particles which were approximately 100 or 300 nm in diameter. An epoxy resin, cured using an anhydride hardener, has been modified by the addition of preformed core–shell rubber (CSR)
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